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Question
Details: Please reply to these 2 discussion posts and cosmic questions and provide 2 references and in-text citations that are from years (2016-2021) for each post reply.
Post 1 (Tina):
My PICOT question is In military veterans diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD), which is more effective for decreasing PTSD symptoms: Yoga therapy or PTSD service dogs(PSD) within a 3 month time period?
1) Define your target population and sample.
According to LoBiondo-Wood and Haber (2018) a target population is the entirety of a group, I was a researcher, would like to know more information about(LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2018). My target population would be: Military Veterans diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD) who use either a Psychiatric Service Dog(PSD) or yoga to manage their PTSD-related symptoms. I would choose Random Stratified Sampling as my method to design my sample. As defined by Lobiondo-Wood and Haber (2018) I would use strata to develop my sample population(Lobiondo-Wood & Haber, 2018). My two strata would be: One would be military veterans who use yoga to manage PTSD symptoms and the other would be military veterans who have a Psychiatric Service Dog(PSD) to manage their PTSD symptoms.
2) Discuss your sampling approach in terms of its nature, use, advantages, and disadvantages. e.g. you can choose convenience, or quota, or random or purposive, etc.
Random Stratified Sampling would be my method of choice to design my sample group. According to Onwuegbuzie and Collins (2017), the advantage to this type of sampling is it has a high chance of providing me the most random group of participants while still remaining true to the selected population. (Onwuegbuzie & Collins, 2017). The challenges with this model of sampling according to LoBiondo-Wood and Haber(2018) is the inability to gain a complete roster of those who meet the inclusive criteria, the amount of time and effort that would be spent gaining information for the lists, struggles faced obtaining the proper proportional samples from each group and finally the feasibility of being able to conduct this size of a study(Lobiondo-Wood & Haber, 2018).
3) Indicate the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Defined by Lobiondo-Wood and Haber (2018) Inclusion and exclusion criteria are standards by which the participants of the study are evaluated to determine their eligibility to be a part of the study(Lobiondo-Wood & Haber, 2018).
My exclusion criteria would be, Not a Veteran. A veteran not diagnosed with PTSD. A veteran diagnosed with PTSD but does not use a PSD or yoga. I would not want any comorbidity issues therefore I would exclude veterans experiencing substance use.
4) Discuss the factors that influenced the determination of sample size.
One factor that would influence the number of participants in the study is how many would be in each strata. veterans actually seek out help for the management of their PTSD symptoms. A factor that may decrease the number of veterans in the strata would be how many veterans would want to involve a dog due to the caretaking responsibilities of an animal. Yoga falls under the category of exercise and according to Whitworth and Ciccolo(2016) may not have as many barriers to it as other interventions(Whitworth & Ciccolo, 2016). This lack of barriers may increase the number of veterans in that strata. Whitworth and Ciccolo (2016) state that exercise can be easily integrated into the daily routine due to the fact that it can be done with little or no cost associated with treatment such as transportation or copays, it can be done at the convenience of the veteran and there are no boundaries to where or when it can be done. (Whitworth & Ciccolo, 2016).
5) Discuss potential threats to internal and external validity as sources of sampling bias.
As explained by Lobiondo-Wood and Haber (2018) internal validity requests the research to examine what impact the independent variable had on the dependent (Lobiondo-Wood & Haber, 2018). Lobiondo-Wood and Haber (2018) state external validity is what is the probability of applying the findings of one study to other groups and environments to determine if the results of the study could be replicated. (Lobiondo-Wood & Haber, 2018).
In this study I assess the threats to internal validity would be the honesty to which the participants answer the questions, the mortality due to the diagnosis of PTSD there is a higher potential of them isolating and becoming unresponsive during the study. The veteran’s loss of motivation to participate and the potential feeling fear the results are being reported to the government. External validity would relate to what tool was used for measurement of data, was it direct observation or self-report? How were the participants selected for the study? Are there any other populations or environments if this study was done in and reproduce similar results?
6) What is your cosmic Question (This is a question you ask your peers to respond to based on the chapter discussed in class this week i.e. Sampling Strategy).
One of the sampling gathering methods is called Networking, one way of selecting participants is using this method. How do you think social media could be used in this method to gather members of the sample?
References
LoBiondo-Wood, G., & Haber, J. (2018). Nursing research: methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice (9th ed.). Elsevier.
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Collins, K. M. T. (2017). The Role of Sampling in Mixed Methods-Research. Kolner Zeitschrift Fur Soziologie Un Sozialpsychologie, 69, 133–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-017-0455-0
Whitworth, J. W., & Ciccolo, J. T. (2016). Exercise and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans: A Systematic Review. Military Medicine, 181(9), 953–960. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00488
Post 2 (Samiksha):
PITCO: In middle-aged men, 45 years and older newly diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus and obesity, does physical activities combined with diet modification more effective compared to medication therapy in prevention of the onset of the disease within six months to one-year period?
A. Define your target population and sample.
According to LoBiondo-Wood and Haber (2018), a target population is the set of cases that a researcher would want to draw the data from and the population that will allow the researcher to generalize. Based on the definition my PICOT target population will be middle-aged men 45 years and older who are newly diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus and obesity. According to LoBiondo-Wood and Haber (2018), the sample is a set of elements that make up the population. My sample would be 150 men ages 45 years and older.
B. Discuss your sampling approach in terms of their nature, use, advantages, and disadvantages. e.g. you can choose convenience, or quota, or random or purposive, etc.
The sampling approach that I would use for this study would be the convenience sampling method because according to LoBiondo- wood & Haber (2018) it is the use of the most readily accessible persons or objects as subjects. The advantage of this kind of sampling is that it is easy to recruit subjects. Also, this kind of sampling is this method is quick, inexpensive, and convenient than other methods. The disadvantages of this type of sampling are that the risk of bias is greatest than in any other type of Sample. Convenience sample most used with quantitative nonexperimental or qualitative studies. In my PICTO question, I will divide the sample into the patient who took medication to reduce the sugar level and the patient who follows diet and physical activity to control diabetes.
C . Indicate the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
The Inclusion criteria are also called eligibility criteria, which determine the subjects used in a study by limiting the population to a homogenous group (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2018). The inclusion criteria in my PICTO study would be that the participant’s age 45 years and older men with newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Exclusion criteria, also called delimitations are the characteristics that cause exclusion from the target population which prevents a participant from being in the study (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2018). In my PICTO study any presence of disease such as diagnosed of mental disorders, respiratory, cardiovascular, infectious, or someone less than 45 years old.
D. Discuss the factors that influenced the determination of sample size.
According to LoBiondo-Wood & Haber (2018), there is no rule to apply when determining the sample size. The sample size is very important in the study. The sample size with less or more can affect the study design and its significance, however; using a large sample is better for an accurate result. For this study, I think 150 would be good enough that the research can get accurate studies.
E . Discuss potential threats to internal and external validity as sources of sampling bias.
There are numerous threats to internal validity which include history, maturation, testing, instrumentations, mortality, and selection bias (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2018). Selection bias is that research chooses the subject selection or researcher bias in selecting type 2 diabetes. Where in external validity findings be generalized outside the study to other populations and environments settings.
F. What is your cosmic Question (This is a question you ask your peers to respond to base on the chapter discussed in class this week i.e. Sampling Strategy)?
My cosmic question is: Is the convenience sampling strategy appropriate for the design and level of evidence provided by the design?
References
Chander, N. G. (2017). Sample size estimation. Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5601499/.
LoBiondo-Wood, G. & Haber, J. (2018). Nursing research: Methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice, (9th ed.). Elsevier.
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