Gas Exchange
Gas exchange is the uptake of oxygen and the loss (or elimination or excretion) of carbon dioxide. It refers to two major steps in the overall oxygen consumption (or carbon dioxide excretion) by the whole animal. These two steps are the movement of the respiratory medium (containing oxygen) past the site of gas exchange, known as ventilation, and the diffusion of oxygen across the gas-exchange surface into the animal. The final step in the diffusion of oxygen into an animal always involves diffusion from a liquid into a liquid, —that is, from one liquid to another—even in air breathers (DeFur, P. L., 2013). Many studies have shown that daily fluid balance is a predictor of outcomes in critically ill patients. A positive fluid balance contributes to increased mortality both in medical and surgical patients. On the other hand, an increased rate of successful weaning and a decreased rate of hospital mortality was associated with negative daily fluid balance. A positive fluid balance might be animal. The final step in the diffusion of oxygen into an animal always involves diffusion from a liquid into a liquid, —that is, from one liquid to another—even in air breathers (DeFur, P. L., 2013). Many studies have shown that daily fluid balance is a predictor of outcomes in critically ill patients. A positive fluid balance contributes to increased mortality both in medical and surgical patients. On the other hand, an increased rate of successful weaning and a decreased rate of hospital mortality was associated with negative daily fluid balance. A positive fluid balance might be associated with increased extravascular lung water and consequently interfere with gas exchange and oxygenation, and consequently increasing the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient. A higher amount of extravascular lung water is associated with greater hypoxia and therefore greater alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and probably a wider range of adverse effects (Aliyali, Masoud., 2018).
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